Employment Contractとは何ですか？

An employment contract is a formal, legally binding document that defines the terms and conditions of the relationship between an employer and a specific employee. Unlike a simple offer letter, an employment contract contains detailed provisions on both parties' rights and obligations throughout the employment relationship. Key components typically include job title and description, compensation and benefits, work schedule and location, the duration of the engagement (fixed-term or indefinite), grounds and procedures for termination, confidentiality obligations, intellectual property assignment, non-compete and non-solicitation restrictions, dispute resolution mechanisms, and governing law.

Employment contracts are not used for every hire. In the U.S., most employees work under at-will employment with an offer letter rather than a formal employment contract. Contracts are more common for C-suite and senior executives (where they provide compensation security and define separation packages), specialized technical or professional roles where retaining the employee is critical, temporary or fixed-term project-based engagements, and in countries where employment contracts are legally required for all workers.

From the employee's perspective, a well-negotiated employment contract provides security: it may guarantee compensation for a defined period, specify what constitutes cause for termination (protecting against arbitrary dismissal), and define severance. From the employer's perspective, contracts provide predictability and the ability to include enforceable restrictions — such as non-competes or non-solicits — that are not easily imposed on at-will employees after the employment relationship has begun.

Termination provisions in employment contracts require particular care. A contract that specifies 'termination for cause only' without defining cause creates significant legal risk for the employer. Similarly, automatic renewal clauses, vague compensation adjustment provisions, and poorly drafted non-compete provisions have all been the basis for expensive employment litigation.

Employment contracts are among the most negotiated and disputed documents in employment law. Executives and senior employees frequently push for favorable termination provisions, compensation guarantees, and limits on non-compete restrictions, while employers seek to protect trade secrets and client relationships with enforceable restrictions. Poorly drafted language in either direction can have consequences that play out years after the document is signed.

An employment attorney should draft or review every employment contract before it is signed — not just for executives but for any employee subject to restrictive covenants (non-compete, non-solicit, or confidentiality obligations). The enforceability of these provisions varies dramatically by state, and a non-compete clause that is valid in one state may be completely unenforceable in another. Getting the drafting right at the outset protects both the company's interests and avoids disputes that are far more expensive to resolve after the fact.